AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

The branch of engineering primarily concerns with the design and construction of aircraft structures and power units, and with the special problems of flight in the atmosphere.

THE BOTTOM LINE

In a normal flight, a light airplane derives its forward motion from the thrust provided by the enginedriven propeller. Thus in normal unaccelerated flight the four basic forces acting on the aircraft are approximately in equilibrium. The pilot is able to change the direction and magnitude of these forces and thereby control the speed, flight path and performance of the aeroplane. The property of resisting any change in motion is Inertia.

The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia – i.e. its resistance to being accelerated or decelerated by an applied force increases with mass. The unit of mass we will be using is  the kilogram [kg]. The air also has mass and thus inertia and will resist being pushed aside by the passage of an aeroplane. That resistance will be  felt as pressure changes on the aircraft surfaces.

AIRSPEED DEPENDS ON INERTIA

• An aircraft in flight is ‘airborne’ and its velocity is relative to the surrounding air, not the Earth’s surface.
• Direction of force is relative to the flight path Although we said that lift acts vertically upward with thrust and drag
acting horizontally, this is only true when an aircraft is in straight and level flight. In fact, lift acts perpendicular to both the
flight path and the lateral axis of the aircraft, drag acts parallel to the flight path and thrust usually acts parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft.

THE LIFT EQUATION

• Aerodynamicists have found it convenient to resolve that resultant force into just two components, that part acting backward along the flight path is the wing drag and that acting perpendicular to the flight path is the lift. The amount of lift, and drag, generated by the wings is chiefly dependent on:
• Lift, Pressure, and Angle of Attack
• The lift equation: An Example Calculate CL for the an 408.2 kg aircraft cruising at 6500 feet at 97 knots ( 1 knot – 0.5148 m/s). The wing area is very close to 8 m²:
• lift = weight
• ? = 1.0 kg/m³ (the approximate density of air at 6500 feet altitude)
•The Drag Equation
•What effect does decreasing speed have?
So the result of decreasing airspeed, while maintaining straight and level flight, is an increase in the lift coefficient; and that has two contributors – the shape of the wing and the angle of attack DRAG
Without the needed thrust, weight has more influence than lift and pulls the airplane toward the ground. Helping the
force of weight is drag. Drag is present at all times and can be defined as the force which opposes thrust, or, better yet, it is the force which opposes all motion through the atmosphere and is parallel to the direction of the relative wind
INDUCED DRAG:
Newtonian & Pressure Induced Induced drag is the unavoidable byproduct of lift and increases as the angle of attack increases 
•PARASITE DRAG
• There are also skin-friction drag and form drag, which are referred to as parasite drag. All drag other than induced drag is parasite drag.
• Putting it all together: Lift and Drag
The LIFT/DRAG ratio can be found by taking the lift coefficient and dividing by the drag coefficient.
• L/D Ratio
The tangent of the glide angle is equal to the vertical height (h) which the aircraft descends divided by the horizontal
distance (d) which the aircraft flies across the ground.
• L/D Ratio
What good is all this for aircraft design?
• L/D Ratio
Because lift and drag are both aerodynamic forces, we can think of the L/D ratio as an aerodynamic efficiency factor for the aircraft. Designers of gliders and designers of cruising aircraft want a high L/D ratio to maximize the distance which an aircraft can fly. It is not enough to just design an aircraft to produce enough lift to overcome weight. The designer must also keep the L/D ratio high to  maximize the range of the aircraft.
Traits required for Aeronautical Engineering
(ANE)
• Self-motivated
• Lateral thinking
• Critical thinking
• Time management
• Proactive learning
• Good in judgment (analyze and decision making)
• Excellent listening skills
• Should work independently
• Excellent decision making skills
• Need good monitoring skills
EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES:
The educational outcomes for each graduating student are:
• an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
• an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
• an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs
• an ability to function on  multidisciplinary teams
• an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
• an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
• an ability to communicate effectively
• the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context
• a recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in life-long learning
• a knowledge of contemporary issues
• an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice
• a high overall satisfaction with the AE program
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING (AUT)
Definition:- A self-propelled passenger vehicle that usually has four wheels and an internalcombustion engine, used for land transport. Also called motorcar.
DIFFERENT PARTS AND SYSTEM
1. Chassis frame and body: Chassis is a French term and was initially used to denote the frame parts or Basic Structure of the vehicle. It is the back bone of the vehicle.
The components of the vehicle like Power plant, Transmission System, Axles, Wheels and Tyres, Suspension, Controlling Systems like Braking, Steering etc., and also electrical.
System parts are mounted on the Chassis frame. The following main components of the Chassis are:
i) Frame
ii) Engine or Power plant
iii) Clutch
iv) Gear Box
v) U Joint
vi) Propeller Shaft
vii) Differential
2. Steering system: This system provides the directional change in the movement of an Automobile and maintain in a position as per the driver’s decision without much strain on him.
The following are the main components of steering system are:
i) Steering Wheel
ii) Steering column or shaft
iii) Steering Gear
iv) Drop Arm or Pitman Arm
v) Drag Link
vi) Steering Arm
vii) Track-Arms
viii) Track Rod or Tie-Rod
ix) Adjusting Screws
3. Braking System: Braking is the mechanism in the motor vehicle which is used to slowing down and stopping the vehicle to rest in the shortest possible distance.
Principle of Braking system: While operating the braking system the Kinetic Energy of moving vehicle is converted in to Heat Energy.
Functions of Brakes: Brakes have the following functions:
i) It is used to stop the vehicle
ii) It is used to control the speed where and when required
iii) It is used to control the vehicle while descending along the slope
iv) To park the vehicle and held it in stationary position without the presence of Driver
4. Suspension System: The automobile frame and body are mounted on the front and rear axle not directly but through the springs and shock absorbers.
Types of front Independent suspension system:
i) Wish bone Type
ii) Vertical guide type
iii) Trailing Link Type
Types of Shock Absorbers:
i) Mechanical.
ii) Hydraulic
5. Seat Door And Window Mechanism Of Car
Body There are different methods to door lock or unlock mechanisms:
i) With a key
ii) By  pressing the unlock button inside the car
iii) By using the combination lock on the outside of the door
iv) By pulling up the knob on the inside of the door
v) With a keyless – entry remote control
vi) By a signal from a control center
6. Air Conditioning Of Motor Vehicle:
Necessity of Automobile Air-Conditioning:
Due to varying conditions of heating, ventilating, cooling, dehumidification in the atmosphere at various places.
The main components of Auto Air- Condition are:
i) Compressor
ii) Magnetic clutch
iii) Condenser
iv) Receiver or dehydrator
v) Expansion valve
vi) Evaporator
vii) Such on throttling valve
7. Painting Of Automobile: The corrosive nature of a metal used in a motor body Construction, necessitate the application of an anti corrosion coating. Different Types of Painting:
i) Spray paint
ii) Hand paint
MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF PAINTS:
i) Pigments
ii) Drying oil
iii) Thinners
iv) Dry Extenders
v) Plasticizers
vi) Resins
8. Automobile Pollution: The major source of air pollution is fluid gases, emissions from refineries and factories etc.
Types of Automobile emissions: The vehicle emissions contains following types of pollutants:
i) Exhaust emissions
ii) Carbon Monoxide
iii) Unburnt hydro carbons
iv) Oxides of Nitrogen
v) Lead oxides
vi) Sulphur dioxide
viii) Smoke
A person undergoing this course acquires:
• An appropriate mastery of the knowledge, techniques, skills and modern tools of their disciplines
• An ability to apply current knowledge and adapt to emerging applications of mathematics, science, engineering and
technology
• An ability to conduct, analyze and interpret experiments and apply experimental results to improve processes
• An ability to apply creativity in the design of systems, components or processes appropriate to program objectives
• An ability to function effectively on teams
• An ability to identify, analyze and solve technical problems
• An ability to communicate effectively • of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning
• An ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities
• A respect for diversity and knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global issues
• A commitment to quality, timeliness, and continuous improvement
Traits required for Automobile engineering:
• Able to solve problems using both logic and creative/innovative approaches;
• Numerate and highly computer literate, with excellent analytical skills;
• Able to plan and priorities, work to deadlines and under pressure;
• Capable of careful attention to detail, exercising good judgments and accepting responsibility;
• Able to communicate with others and work in multidisciplinary teams.
• Should have good decision making skills.
• Need to have good physical stamina.
• Need to have holistic approach in understanding concepts.
BIO TECHNOLOGY (BIO)
Definition: Biotechnology (sometimes shortened to “biotech”) is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bio-processes in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts.
• Biotechnology also utilises these products for manufacturing purpose
• Modern use of similar terms includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies
• The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as: “Any technological application that
uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.”
Applications:
• Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including healthcare (medical), crop production and agriculture, non-food (industrial) uses of crops and other products, and environmental uses.
• A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology;
FOR EXAMPLE:
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.
1) In Medicine: In medicine, modern biotechnology finds promising applications
in such areas as:
• Drug production
• Pharmacogenomics
• Gene therapy
• Genetic testing (or genetic screening) : techniques in molecular biology detect genetic diseases
• Pharmacogenomics
• Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body’s response to drugs
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
• Most traditional pharmaceutical drugs are  relatively simple molecules that have been found primarily through trial and error to treat the symptoms of a disease or illness • Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold symmetry, the zinc ions holding it together, and the histidine residues involved in zinc binding
• Genetic testing
• Genetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. A scientist scans a patient’s DNA sample for mutated sequences.
• Gene therapy
• Gene therapy may be used for treating, or even curing, genetic and acquired diseases like cancer and AIDS by using normal genes to supplement or replace defective genes or to bolster a normal function such as immunity
• Gene therapy using an Adenovirus vector.
A new gene is inserted into an adenovirus vector, which is used to introduce the modified DNA into human cell
• Human Genome Project
• The Human Genome Project is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) and the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) that aims to generate a highquality reference sequence for the entire human genome and identify all the human genes
• Cloning
• Cloning involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed
2. Agriculture: Applications in Agriculture
i) Crop yield
ii) Reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses
iii) Increased nutritional qualities
iv) Improved taste, texture or appearance of food
v) Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals
vi) Production of novel substances in crop plants
vii) Animal biotechnology
3. Biological Engineering: Biotechnological engineering or biological engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on biotechnologies and biological science.
4. Bioremediation and biodegradation:
Biotechnology is being used to engineer and adapt organisms especially microorganisms in an effort to find
sustainable ways to clean up contaminated environments.
Traits required for Bio Technology (BIO):
• Research skills and updating knowledge is a must
• Information handling, analyzing and evaluating skills;
• Ability to work methodically, efficiently and accurately;
• Good decision-making and problem-solving skills;
• Adaptability and experience in working within a team;
• Highly developed IT skills;
• Ability to create concise and detailed written reports and presentations Chemical & Petroleum Engineering
Chemical and petroleum engineering deals with the chemical engineering and petroleum engineering separately.
?Definition of chemical engineering:- The branch of engineering that deals with the technology of large-scale chemical
production and the manufacture of products through chemical processes.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Overview: Petroleum engineers search the world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas. Once these resources are discovered, petroleum engineers work with geologists and other specialists to understand the geologic formation and properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling methods to be used, and monitor drilling and production operations.
* They design equipment and processes to achieve the maximum profitable recovery of oil and gas
* Because only a small proportion of oil and gas in a reservoir will flow out under natural forces, petroleum engineers develop and use various enhanced recovery methods.
* These include injecting water, chemicals, gases, or steam into an oil reservoir to force out more of the oil, and  computercontrolled drilling or fracturing to connect a larger area of a reservoir to a single well
PREPARATION:
* A bachelor’s degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs.
* Admissions requirements for undergraduate engineering schools include a solid background in mathematics (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus) and science (biology, chemistry, and physics), and courses in English, social studies, humanities, and computer and information technology.
* Bachelor’s degree programs in engineering typically are designed to last four years, but many students find that it takes between four and five years to complete their studies.
* In a typical four-year college curriculum, the first two years are spent studying mathematics, basic sciences, introductory engineering, humanities, and social sciences. Petroleum engineering students may also take courses such as Reservoir Petrophysics, Petroleum Engineering Systems, and Physical Geology during these years.
* In the last two years, a petroleum engineering programme might include courses in Drilling and Production Systems,
Geostatistics, Well Performance, Reservoir Fluids, Petroleum Project Evaluation, Engineering Ethics, and Well Completion and Stimulation.
* Those interested in a career in petroleum engineering should consider reviewing engineering programmes that are accredited.
Prospects on successfully finishing the course:
* A degree in petroleum engineering can lead to many career paths. While most work directly for oil and gas production
companies, the options for work are broad and cross over many industries. Petroleum engineers focus on a wide range of projects and activities. Some focus on production challenges, identifying, testing, and implementing methods for improving oil and gas production. They might focus on economics, helping a team determine the optimum number of wells appropriate for a given operation.
* A petroleum engineer may focus on safety issues, or maintenance support, identifying and planning upgrades of
equipment or systems. A petroleum engineer may choose to teach, or to serve as a consultant to investors, banks, or
other financial services firms.
* The job a petroleum engineer will often determine how much they work inside or outside. Many petroleum engineers work on job sites, but others work in an office setting.
* A consultant to the financial industry, for example, may spend most of their time working in an office. There are strong
international travel opportunities for petroleum engineers, as it is very much a global business. Many companies have
offices and sites in multiple countries and transfers are common.
Opportunities:
A graduate degree in chemical or petroleum engineering opens up many possible career paths.
* Opportunities exist in industry, academia, and national laboratories
* Industrial positions include the typical plant/project work with increased/ advanced management opportunities
* In addition, research and process development positions are possible
* Similar research positions are also available at national laboratories
* With a doctoral degree, positions in academia requiring both classroom teaching and laboratory research are possible
Traits required for Petroleum Engineering (CPE):
* Problem-solving ability to analyze, interpret and evaluate data and develop ideas..
* Working in team
* Carrying out research on your own
* Necessary to have good writing skills and excellent memory
* Should take initiative and attention to detail
* Need good observation skills
* Need to exhibit patience with situations
Civil Environmental Engineering (CEE)
Defining the Future of CEE: Many people look at Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and see separate disciplines.
Disciplinary Synergy We categorize CEE into three main areas:
1. The Built Environment.
2. Atmosphere and Energy.
3. The Water Environment.
1. The Built Environment: Architecture, Engineering and Construction professionals create the fixed, physical wealth of nations — the “Built Environment” — including residential, commercial and industrial buildings, along with the infrastructure for transportation, water supply, waste treatment, power, healthcare and communications.
2. Atmosphere and Energy:
i) Atmospheric Research: Atmospheric research in the programme generally involves either laboratory work, field
measurements, or three-dimensional computer modeling of the combined atmosphere, ocean, and land surface.
ii) Energy Research: Major focus areas of energy research include examining the resource availability of renewable energies, such as wind, solar, and wave, and studying optimal methods of combining renewable energies together to match energy supply with instantaneous demand.
3. THE WATER ENVIRONMENT:
The water environment includes: Coastal zones, rivers, lakes, estuaries, groundwater, soil water, and even the atmosphere as part of the hydrologic cycle.
SUMMARY:
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN:
Architectural Design Program: The Architectural Design major seeks to integrate engineering and architecture in ways that blend innovative architectural design with cuttingedge engineering technologies.
Atmosphere/Energy: Atmosphere and energy are linked in two primary ways:
• First‚ fossil-fuel energy contributes directly to air pollution and climate change.
• Second‚ atmospheric winds‚ solar radiation‚ and precipitation are sources of renewable wind‚ wave‚ solar‚ and
hydroelectric power.
Construction Program: The Construction Program focuses on developing the business cases and skills to integrate, manage and innovate construction projects globally and sustain to maximize product value.
We take a “cradle-to-cradle” view of projects encompassing the entire life-cycle: Definition, design, fabrication, construction, operation and demolition. Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology: Within the Environmental Fluid
Mechanics & Hydrology Program, the focus is on the movement of surface and groundwater and, jointly with Environmental Engineering and Science, atmospheric related topics.
Structural Engineering And Geomechanics:
The Structural Engineering and Geomechanics Program and the affiliated Design Construction Integration Program offer research opportunities and courses in a broad range  of areas related to structural analysis and  design.
Traits required for Civil Environmental Engineering:
• He needs to know about surveying methods, environmental issues like whether the area is susceptible to tremors or has sandy soil etc, properties of building materials like its load bearing.
• Strength, resistance to fire and corrosion etc.
• Besides having a good technical designing knowledge conceptualizing structures, they should be computer literate in order to use design, drawing and word processing software. Civil engineers need to know building and safety regulations, local authority and government regulations, acceptable standards for construction and how to draw plans.
Electronics Control Systems Engineering (ECS)
What is a Control System?
TYPICAL EXAMPLES:
• Central Temperature Control
• Fluid Level maintenance systems
• Battery Voltage Control
• Human has numerous control systems built in it
• Control System another view
• A Control System is an arrangement of physical components connected/related in such a manner as to command, direct or regulate itself or another system
• Human like Control
• How….. Control Systems in Robotics Perspective
• Autonomous planning and Exploration
• Autonomous control
• Industry
• Everywhere Control systems are divided into two classes:
a) If the aim is to maintain a physical variable at some fixed value when there are disturbances, this is a regulator.
Example: speed-control system on the ac generators of power utility companies.
b) The second class is the servomechanism. This is a control system in which a physical variable is required to follow
(track) some desired time function. Example: an automatic aircraft landing system, or a robot arm designed to follow a
required path in space.
ADVANTAGES OF A CONTROL SYSTEM
• Power amplification
• Radar antenna positioned by the lowpower
rotation of a knob at the input,requires a large amount of power for its output rotation. Control system will produce the needed power amplification/power gain.
• Remote control
• Rover was built to work in contaminated areas at Three Mile Island where a nuclear accident occurred in 1979.
• Convenience of input form
• In a temperature control system, the input is the position on a thermostat and the output is the heat. Thus a convenient position input yields a desired thermal output.
• Compensation for disturbances
• In an antenna system that points in a commanded direction, wind can force the antenna to deviate from commanded
direction. The system should detect the disturbance and act accordingly.
• Classical Control Systems
• Liquid Level Control
• Response Characteristics
• Consider a control system for an elevator.
• The input is a step function instructing the elevator to go to a higher floor (4).
• The output is a transient response plus a steady-state response and has a steadystate error.
• Open-Loop Systems
• An open-loop system cannot compensate for any disturbances that add to the controller’s driving signal or to the process output.
• Closed-Loop (Feedback Control)
• A closed-loop system can compensate for disturbances by measuring the output, comparing it to the desired output, and driving the difference toward zero.
• Closed-Loop (Feedback Control)
• Closed-Loop (Feedback Control)
• Greater accuracy than open-loop systems
• Transient and steady-state responses can be controlled more easily
• More complex and expensive than openloop systems
• Requires monitoring the plant output
• Antenna Azimuth Position Control
• Design Stages for the Antenna
Step-3: Draw Schematic
Step-4: Draw Block Diagram Mathematical Models
• Model the system mathematically using physical laws.
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law - The sum of voltages around a closed path is zero.
• Kirchoff’s Current Law - The sum of currents flowing from a node is zero.
• Newton’s Laws - The sum of forces on a body is zero (considering mass times
acceleration as a force).
The sum of moments on a body is zero.
• The model describes the relationship between the input and the output of the dynamic system.
Step-5: Reduce the Block Diagram
Step-6: Analyze and Design
Traits required for Electronics Control Systems Engineering (ECS):-
• innovative design work;
• thinking creatively, pragmatically and logically;
• analyzing and evaluating data including technical information;
• awareness of the need to investigate customer needs and consider aesthetics;
• decision making;
• an interest in the practical steps necessary for a concept to become reality;
• attention to detail;
Electronics & Computer Engineering (ECM)
A computer is a general purpose device which can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Technology runs the planet, with computers  and electronics playing an essential role in many types of technologies The main concepts in Electronics & Computer Engineering are explained below:
Assembly and Machine Languages:
Machine language is a system of imparting instructions executed directly by a computer’s Central Processing Unit (CPU).
The machine language for a particular computer is tied to the architecture of the CPU.
Machine Language Example:-
Ï% Our computer has four registers and 32 memory locations.
Ï% Each instruction is 16 bits.
Ï% Here is a machine language program for our simulated computer:
1000000100100101
1000000101000101
1010000100000110
1000001000000110
1111111111111111
A much more readable rendition of machine language, called assembly language Assembly instructions are just shorthand for machine instructions:
Machine Language Equivalent Assembly
1000000100100101 LOAD R1 5
1000000101000101 LOAD R2 5
1010000100000110 ADD R0 R1 R2
1000001000000110 SAVE R0 6
1111111111111111 HALT
DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS:
Communication is defined as transfer of information, such as thoughts and messages between two entities.
The invention of telegraph, radio,telephone, and television made possible instantaneous communication over long distances.
Mobile communication path provides an indepth discussion of computer networks.
It includes a detailed discussion of the different Network Models.
SHARING RESOURCES:-
The fundamental purpose of computer networks is to provide access to shared resources, most notably printers and data storage (both disk drives and tape drives).
Example of sharing resources
Network Interconnections:
THE NETWORK INTERCONNECTION CAN BE DESCRIBED IN SEVERAL WAYS:
• Speed
• Topology
• Arbitration mechanism
Data Communication model:
(a) The block diagram of a data communication model
(b) A typical dial-up network
Digital Signal, Sound and Imaging Processing:
Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of discrete time, discrete frequency, or other discrete domain signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing EXAMPLE OF DSP
Sound or speech processing is the study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals.
The signals are usually processed in a digital representation. So speech processing can be regarded as a
special case of digital signal processing, applied to speech signal. Image processing is the use of computer
algorithms to perform image processing on digital images Digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing.
Neural Networks:
The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons.
The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes.
Thus the term has two distinct usages:
1 Biological neural networks
2 Artificial neural networks
VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description
Language):
VHDL (VHSIC hardware description language) is a hardware description language used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as fieldprogrammable gate arrays and integrated
circuits The simulation result for the VHDL 8-input NAND gate Traits required for Electronics & Computer
Engineering (ECM):
• Numeracy;
• Computing skills and analyzing skills is a must
• A structured approach to problem-solving;
• Ability to overcome setbacks;
• Innovative design work;
• Thinking creatively, pragmatically and logically;
• Analysing and evaluating data including technical information;
• Awareness of the need to investigate customer needs and consider aesthetics;
• Decision making;
• An interest in the practical steps necessary for a concept to become reality;
• Attention to detail;
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Petroleum engineers search the world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas. Once these resources are discovered, petroleum engineers work with geologists and other specialists to understand the geologic formation and properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling methods to  be used, and monitor drilling and production operations.
They design equipment and processes to achieve the maximum profitable recovery of oil and gas. Because only a small proportion of oil and gas in a reservoir will flow out under  natural forces, petroleum engineers develop and use various enhanced recovery methods.
These include injecting water, chemicals, gases, or steam into an oil reservoir to force out more of the oil, and  omputer-controlled drilling or fracturing to connect a larger area of a reservoir to a single well.
Preparation:
A bachelor’s degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs.
Admissions requirements for undergraduate engineering schools include a solid background in mathematics (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus) and science  (biology, chemistry, and physics), and courses in  English, social studies, humanities, and computer and information technology. Bachelor’s degree programmes in engineering typically are designed to last four years, but many students find that it takes between four and five years to complete their studies.
In a typical four-year college curriculum, the first two years are spent studying mathematics, basic sciences, introductory engineering, humanities, and social sciences. Petroleum engineering students may also take courses such as Reservoir Petrophysics, Petroleum Engineering Systems, and Physical Geology during these years.
In the last two years, a petroleum engineering programme might include courses in Drilling and Production Systems, Geostatistics, Well Performance, Reservoir Fluids, Petroleum Project Evaluation, Engineering Ethics, and Well Completion and Stimulation.
Those interested in a career in petroleum engineering should consider reviewing engineering programs that are accredited.
A degree in petroleum engineering can lead to many career paths. While most work directly for oil and gas production companies, the options for work are broad and cross over  many industries. Petroleum engineers focus on a  wide range of projects and activities. Some focus  on production challenges, identifying, testing,  and implementing methods for improving oil and gas production. They might focus on economics, helping a team determine the optimum number of wells appropriate for a given operation. A petroleum engineer may focus on safety issues, or maintenance support, identifying and planning upgrades of equipment or systems. A petroleum engineer may choose to teach, or  to serve as a consultant to investors, banks,  or other financial services firms.